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Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), popularly known as "Longshanks"
because of his 6 foot 2 inch (1.88 m) frame and the "Hammer of the
Scots" (his tombstone, in Latin, read, Edwardus Primus Scotorum Malleus
hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva, "Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots";
though this inscription was probably added in the sixteenth century),
achieved fame as the monarch who conquered Wales and who kept Scotland
under English domination during his lifetime. He reigned from
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